Store and retrieve file with SQL Server

// Store file in SQL Server

FileStream objFileStream = new FileStream("[Path of File]", FileMode.Open);
byte[] Data = new byte[objFileStream.Length];
objFileStream.Read(Data, 0, Convert.ToInt32(objFileStream.Length));

SqlConnection objConnection = new SqlConnection(ConfigurationManager.ConnectionStrings["My"].ToString());
objConnection.Open();
SqlCommand objCommand = new SqlCommand("Bytes_Insert");
objCommand.Connection = objConnection;
objCommand.CommandType = CommandType.StoredProcedure;
objCommand.Parameters.Add(new SqlParameter("@Data", Data));
objCommand.ExecuteNonQuery();
objConnection.Close();
objFileStream.Close();

// Retrieve file from SQL Server

SqlConnection objConnection = new SqlConnection(ConfigurationManager.ConnectionStrings["My"].ToString());
objConnection.Open();
SqlCommand objCommand = new SqlCommand("Bytes_ListAll");
objCommand.Connection = objConnection;
objCommand.CommandType = CommandType.StoredProcedure;

SqlDataAdapter adpt = new SqlDataAdapter(objCommand);
DataSet ds = new DataSet();
adpt.Fill(ds);

byte[] Data = (byte[]) ds.Tables[0].Rows[0]["Data"];
File.WriteAllBytes("[Path to store File]", Data);

How to create Image reflection in Asp.Net

How to create Image reflection in Asp.Net
=======================================

Method :
---------

public Image DrawReflection(Image _Image, Color _BackgroundColor, int _Reflectivity)
{
// Calculate the size of the new image
int height = (int)(_Image.Height + (_Image.Height * ((float)_Reflectivity / 255)));
Bitmap newImage = new Bitmap(_Image.Width, height, PixelFormat.Format24bppRgb);
newImage.SetResolution(_Image.HorizontalResolution, _Image.VerticalResolution);

using (Graphics graphics = Graphics.FromImage(newImage))
{
// Initialize main graphics buffer
graphics.Clear(_BackgroundColor);
graphics.DrawImage(_Image, new Point(0, 0));
graphics.InterpolationMode = InterpolationMode.HighQualityBicubic;
Rectangle destinationRectangle = new Rectangle(0, _Image.Size.Height, _Image.Size.Width, _Image.Size.Height);

// Prepare the reflected image
int reflectionHeight = (_Image.Height * _Reflectivity) / 255;
Image reflectedImage = new Bitmap(_Image.Width, reflectionHeight);

// Draw just the reflection on a second graphics buffer
using (Graphics gReflection = Graphics.FromImage(reflectedImage))
{
gReflection.DrawImage(_Image, new Rectangle(0, 0, reflectedImage.Width, reflectedImage.Height),
0, _Image.Height - reflectedImage.Height, reflectedImage.Width, reflectedImage.Height, GraphicsUnit.Pixel);
}
reflectedImage.RotateFlip(RotateFlipType.RotateNoneFlipY);
Rectangle imageRectangle = new Rectangle(destinationRectangle.X, destinationRectangle.Y,
destinationRectangle.Width, (destinationRectangle.Height * _Reflectivity) / 255);

// Draw the image on the original graphics
graphics.DrawImage(reflectedImage, imageRectangle);

// Finish the reflection using a gradiend brush
LinearGradientBrush brush = new LinearGradientBrush(imageRectangle,
Color.FromArgb(255 - _Reflectivity, _BackgroundColor),
_BackgroundColor, 90, false);
graphics.FillRectangle(brush, imageRectangle);
}

return newImage;
}

How to Use It (Testing)
-----------------------------

Response.ContentType = "image/jpeg";

Image objImage = Image.FromFile(Server.MapPath("Image.jpg"));

Image objImage2 = this.DrawReflection(objImage, Color.White, 80);

objImage2.Save(Response.OutputStream, ImageFormat.Jpeg);


That's it !
Hope you will like it.

Generate a random alpha numeric string from given length

Generate a random alpha numeric string from given length.
==================================================

/// <summary>
/// Generate a random alpha numeric string from given length.
/// Author : Abhishek Joshi
/// 24 Feb, 2008
/// </summary>
/// <param name="iLength"></param>
/// <returns>Enter output string Length.</returns>
public static string GenerateAlphNumericCode(int iLength)
{
int iZero, iNine, iA, iZ, iCount = 0, iRandNum;
string sRandomString ;

// we'll need random characters, so a Random object
// should probably be created...
Random rRandom = new Random(System.DateTime.Now.Millisecond);
// convert characters into their integer equivalents (their ASCII values)
iZero = (int) '0';
iNine = (int) '9';
iA = (int) 'A';
iZ = (int)'Z';

// initialize our return string for use in the following loop
sRandomString = string.Empty;

// now we loop as many times as is necessary to build the string
// length we want
while (iCount < iLength)
{
// we fetch a random number between our high and low values
iRandNum = rRandom.Next(iZero, iZ);

// here's the cool part: we inspect the value of the random number,
// and if it matches one of the legal values that we've decided upon,
// we convert the number to a character and add it to our string
if (((iRandNum >= iZero) && (iRandNum <= iNine) || (iRandNum >= iA) && (iRandNum <= iZ)))
{
sRandomString = sRandomString + Convert.ToChar(iRandNum);
iCount = iCount + 1;

}
}
// finally, our random character string should be built, so we return it
return sRandomString;
}

That's it !
Hope you will like it.

C# Interview Questions

C# Interview Questions
====================

This is a list of questions I have gathered from other sources and created myself over a period of time from my experience, many of which I felt where incomplete or simply wrong. I have finally taken the time to go through each question and correct them to the best of my ability. However, please feel free to post feedback to challenge, improve, or suggest new questions. I want to thank those of you that have contributed quality questions and corrections thus far.

There are some question in this list that I do not consider to be good questions for an interview. However, they do exist on other lists available on the Internet so I felt compelled to keep them easy access.

General Questions

1. Does C# support multiple-inheritance?
   No.
   
   
2. Who is a protected class-level variable available to?
   It is available to any sub-class (a class inheriting this class).
   
   
3. Are private class-level variables inherited?
   Yes, but they are not accessible. Although they are not visible or accessible via the class interface, they are inherited.
   
   
   
4. Describe the accessibility modifier “protected internal”.
   It is available to classes that are within the same assembly and derived from the specified base class.
   
   
5. What’s the top .NET class that everything is derived from?
   System.Object.
   
   
6. What does the term immutable mean?
   The data value may not be changed. Note: The variable value may be changed, but the original immutable data value was discarded and a new data value was created in memory.
   
   
   
7. What’s the difference between System.String and System.Text.StringBuilder classes?
   System.String is immutable. System.StringBuilder was designed with the purpose of having a mutable string where a variety of operations can be performed.
   
   
8. What’s the advantage of using System.Text.StringBuilder over System.String?
   StringBuilder is more efficient in cases where there is a large amount of string manipulation. Strings are immutable, so each time a string is changed, a new instance in memory is created.
   
   
9. Can you store multiple data types in System.Array?
   No.
   
   
10. What’s the difference between the System.Array.CopyTo() and System.Array.Clone()?
    The Clone() method returns a new array (a shallow copy) object containing all the elements in the original array. The CopyTo() method copies the elements into another existing array. Both perform a shallow copy. A shallow copy means the contents (each array element) contains references to the same object as the elements in the original array. A deep copy (which neither of these methods performs) would create a new instance of each element's object, resulting in a different, yet identacle object.
    
    
    
11. How can you sort the elements of the array in descending order?
    By calling Sort() and then Reverse() methods.
    
    
12. What’s the .NET collection class that allows an element to be accessed using a unique key?
    HashTable.
    
    
13. What class is underneath the SortedList class?
    A sorted HashTable.
    
    
14. Will the finally block get executed if an exception has not occurred?­
    Yes.
    
    
15. What’s the C# syntax to catch any possible exception?
    A catch block that catches the exception of type System.Exception. You can also omit the parameter data type in this case and just write catch {}.
    
    
    
16. Can multiple catch blocks be executed for a single try statement?
    No. Once the proper catch block processed, control is transferred to the finally block (if there are any).
    
    
17. Explain the three services model commonly know as a three-tier application.
    Presentation (UI), Business (logic and underlying code) and Data (from storage or other sources).
    

Class Questions

1. What is the syntax to inherit from a class in C#?
   Place a colon and then the name of the base class.
   Example: class MyNewClass : MyBaseClass
   
   
   
2. Can you prevent your class from being inherited by another class?
   Yes. The keyword “sealed” will prevent the class from being inherited.
   
   
3. Can you allow a class to be inherited, but prevent the method from being over-ridden?
   Yes. Just leave the class public and make the method sealed.
   
   
4. What’s an abstract class?
   A class that cannot be instantiated. An abstract class is a class that must be inherited and have the methods overridden. An abstract class is essentially a blueprint for a class without any implementation.
   
   
5. When do you absolutely have to declare a class as abstract?
   1. When the class itself is inherited from an abstract class, but not all base abstract methods have been overridden.
   2. When at least one of the methods in the class is abstract.
   
   
   
6. What is an interface class?
   Interfaces, like classes, define a set of properties, methods, and events. But unlike classes, interfaces do not provide implementation. They are implemented by classes, and defined as separate entities from classes.
   
   
7. Why can’t you specify the accessibility modifier for methods inside the interface?
   They all must be public, and are therefore public by default.
   
   
8. Can you inherit multiple interfaces?
   Yes. .NET does support multiple interfaces.
   
   
9. What happens if you inherit multiple interfaces and they have conflicting method names?
   It’s up to you to implement the method inside your own class, so implementation is left entirely up to you. This might cause a problem on a higher-level scale if similarly named methods from different interfaces expect different data, but as far as compiler cares you’re okay.
   To Do: Investigate
   
   
   
10. What’s the difference between an interface and abstract class?
    In an interface class, all methods are abstract - there is no implementation. In an abstract class some methods can be concrete. In an interface class, no accessibility modifiers are allowed. An abstract class may have accessibility modifiers.
    
    
11. What is the difference between a Struct and a Class?
    Structs are value-type variables and are thus saved on the stack, additional overhead but faster retrieval. Another difference is that structs cannot inherit.
    

Method and Property Questions

1. What’s the implicit name of the parameter that gets passed into the set method/property of a class?
   Value. The data type of the value parameter is defined by whatever data type the property is declared as.
   
   
2. What does the keyword “virtual” declare for a method or property?
   The method or property can be overridden.
   
   
3. How is method overriding different from method overloading?
   When overriding a method, you change the behavior of the method for the derived class. Overloading a method simply involves having another method with the same name within the class.
   
   
   
4. Can you declare an override method to be static if the original method is not static?
   No. The signature of the virtual method must remain the same. (Note: Only the keyword virtual is changed to keyword override)
   
   
5. What are the different ways a method can be overloaded?
   Different parameter data types, different number of parameters, different order of parameters.
   
   
6. If a base class has a number of overloaded constructors, and an inheriting class has a number of overloaded constructors; can you enforce a call from an inherited constructor to a specific base constructor?
   Yes, just place a colon, and then keyword base (parameter list to invoke the appropriate constructor) in the overloaded constructor definition inside the inherited class.
   

Events and Delegates

1. What’s a delegate?
   A delegate object encapsulates a reference to a method.
   
   
2. What’s a multicast delegate?
   A delegate that has multiple handlers assigned to it. Each assigned handler (method) is called.
   

XML Documentation Questions

1. Is XML case-sensitive?
   Yes.
   
   
   
2. What’s the difference between // comments, /* */ comments and /// comments?
   Single-line comments, multi-line comments, and XML documentation comments.
   
   
3. How do you generate documentation from the C# file commented properly with a command-line compiler?
   Compile it with the /doc switch.
   

Debugging and Testing Questions

1. What debugging tools come with the .NET SDK?
   1. CorDBG – command-line debugger. To use CorDbg, you must compile the original C# file using the /debug switch.
   2. DbgCLR – graphic debugger. Visual Studio .NET uses the DbgCLR.
   
   
   
2. What does assert() method do?
   In debug compilation, assert takes in a Boolean condition as a parameter, and shows the error dialog if the condition is false. The program proceeds without any interruption if the condition is true.
   
   
3. What’s the difference between the Debug class and Trace class?
   Documentation looks the same. Use Debug class for debug builds, use Trace class for both debug and release builds.
   
   
4. Why are there five tracing levels in System.Diagnostics.TraceSwitcher?
   The tracing dumps can be quite verbose. For applications that are constantly running you run the risk of overloading the machine and the hard drive. Five levels range from None to Verbose, allowing you to fine-tune the tracing activities.
   
   
   
5. Where is the output of TextWriterTraceListener redirected?
   To the Console or a text file depending on the parameter passed to the constructor.
   
   
6. How do you debug an ASP.NET Web application?
   Attach the aspnet_wp.exe process to the DbgClr debugger.
   
   
7. What are three test cases you should go through in unit testing?
   1. Positive test cases (correct data, correct output).
   2. Negative test cases (broken or missing data, proper handling).
   3. Exception test cases (exceptions are thrown and caught properly).
   
   
   
8. Can you change the value of a variable while debugging a C# application?
   Yes. If you are debugging via Visual Studio.NET, just go to Immediate window.
   

ADO.NET and Database Questions

1. What is the role of the DataReader class in ADO.NET connections?
   It returns a read-only, forward-only rowset from the data source. A DataReader provides fast access when a forward-only sequential read is needed.




2. What are advantages and disadvantages of Microsoft-provided data provider classes in ADO.NET?
   SQLServer.NET data provider is high-speed and robust, but requires SQL Server license purchased from Microsoft. OLE-DB.NET is universal for accessing other sources, like Oracle, DB2, Microsoft Access and Informix. OLE-DB.NET is a .NET layer on top of the OLE layer, so it’s not as fastest and efficient as SqlServer.NET.
   
   
3. What is the wildcard character in SQL?
   Let’s say you want to query database with LIKE for all employees whose name starts with La. The wildcard character is %, the proper query with LIKE would involve ‘La%’.
   
   
4. Explain ACID rule of thumb for transactions.
   A transaction must be:
   1. Atomic - it is one unit of work and does not dependent on previous and following transactions.
   2. Consistent - data is either committed or roll back, no “in-between” case where something has been updated and something hasn’t.
   3. Isolated - no transaction sees the intermediate results of the current transaction).
   4. Durable - the values persist if the data had been committed even if the system crashes right after.
   
   
   
5. What connections does Microsoft SQL Server support?
   Windows Authentication (via Active Directory) and SQL Server authentication (via Microsoft SQL Server username and password).
   
   
6. Between Windows Authentication and SQL Server Authentication, which one is trusted and which one is untrusted?
   Windows Authentication is trusted because the username and password are checked with the Active Directory, the SQL Server authentication is untrusted, since SQL Server is the only verifier participating in the transaction.
   
   
7. What does the Initial Catalog parameter define in the connection string?
   The database name to connect to.
   
   
8. What does the Dispose method do with the connection object?
   Deletes it from the memory.
   To Do: answer better. The current answer is not entirely correct.
   
   
   
9. What is a pre-requisite for connection pooling?
   Multiple processes must agree that they will share the same connection, where every parameter is the same, including the security settings. The connection string must be identical.
   

Assembly Questions

1. How is the DLL Hell problem solved in .NET?
   Assembly versioning allows the application to specify not only the library it needs to run (which was available under Win32), but also the version of the assembly.
   
   
2. What are the ways to deploy an assembly?
   An MSI installer, a CAB archive, and XCOPY command.
   
   
   
3. What is a satellite assembly?
   When you write a multilingual or multi-cultural application in .NET, and want to distribute the core application separately from the localized modules, the localized assemblies that modify the core application are called satellite assemblies.
   
   
4. What namespaces are necessary to create a localized application?
   System.Globalization and System.Resources.
   
   
5. What is the smallest unit of execution in .NET?
   an Assembly.
   
   
6. When should you call the garbage collector in .NET?
   As a good rule, you should not call the garbage collector. However, you could call the garbage collector when you are done using a large object (or set of objects) to force the garbage collector to dispose of those very large objects from memory. However, this is usually not a good practice.
   
   
   
7. How do you convert a value-type to a reference-type?
   Use Boxing.
   
   



8. 
   What happens in memory when you Box and Unbox a value-type?
   Boxing converts a value-type to a reference-type, thus storing the object on the heap. Unboxing converts a reference-type to a value-type, thus storing the value on the stack.
   


9. 
   What is CAS ?
   CAS(Code Access Secutiry)
   CAS is the part of the .NET security model that determines whether or not a piece of code is allowed to run, and what resources it can use when it is running. For example, it is CAS that will prevent a .NET web applet from formatting your hard disk. How does CAS work? The CAS security policy revolves around two key concepts - code groups and permissions. Each .NET assembly is a member of a particular code group, and each code group is granted the permissions specified in a named permission set. For example, using the default security policy, a control downloaded from a web site belongs to the 'Zone - Internet' code group, which adheres to the permissions defined by the 'Internet' named permission set. (Naturally the 'Internet' named permission set represents a very restrictive range of permissions.)
   



10. 
    What is Satellite Assemblies ?
    Satellite assemblies are often used to deploy language-specific resources for an application. These language-specific assemblies work in side-by-side execution because the application has a separate product ID for each language and installs satellite assemblies in a language-specific subdirectory for each language. When uninstalling, the application removes only the satellite assemblies associated with a given language and .NET Framework version. No core .NET Framework files are removed unless the last language for that .NET Framework version is being removed. For example, English and Japanese editions of the .NET Framework version 1.1 share the same core files. The Japanese .NET Framework version 1.1 adds satellite assemblies with localized resources in a \ja subdirectory. An application that supports the .NET Framework version 1.1, regardless of its language, always uses the same core runtime files.
    



11. 
    Automatic Memory Management ?
    Automatic Memory Management: From a programmer's perspective, this is probably the single biggest benefit of the .NET Framework. No, I'm not kidding. Every project I've worked on in my long career of DOS and Windows development has suffered at some point from memory management issues. Proper memory management is hard. Even very good programmers have difficulty with it. It's entirely too easy for a small mistake to cause a program to chew up memory and crash, sometimes bringing the operating system to a screeching halt in the process.
    
    Programmers understand that they're responsible for releasing any memory that they allocate, but they're not very good at actually doing it. In addition, functions that allocate memory as a side effect abound in the Windows API and in the C runtime library. It's nearly impossible for a programmer to know all of the rules. Even when the programmer follows the rules, a small memory leak in a support library can cause big problems if called enough.
    
    The .NET Framework solves the memory management problems by implementing a garbage collector that can keep track of allocated memory references and release the memory when it is no longer referenced. A large part of what makes this possible is the blazing speed of today's processors. When you're running a 2 GHz machine, it's easy to spare a few cycles for memory management. Not that the garbage collector takes a huge number of cycles--it's incredibly efficient.
    The garbage collector isn't perfect and it doesn't solve the problem of mis-managing other scarce resources (file handles, for example), but it relieves programmers from having to worry about a huge source of bugs that trips almost everybody up in other programming environments.
    On balance, automatic memory management is a huge win in almost every situation.
    



12. 
    What Language familar to CLR?
    Any language that can be compiled into Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL) is considered a .NET-compliant language. Following are a few of the popular .NET-compliant languages supported by CLR:
    APL,COBOL,Component Pascal,Eiffel,Fortran,Haskell,JScript,Mercury,Oberon,Pascal,Perl,Python,Smalltalk,Visual Basic,Visual C#,Visual C++
    

String.Format Method (String, Object)

The following code example demonstrates the standard formatting specifiers for numbers, dates, and enumerations.

C#
==
// This code example demonstrates the String.Format() method.
// Formatting for this example uses the "en-US" culture.

using System;
class Sample
{
enum Color {Yellow = 1, Blue, Green};
static DateTime thisDate = DateTime.Now;

public static void Main()
{
// Store the output of the String.Format method in a string.
string s = "";

Console.Clear();

// Format a negative integer or floating-point number in various ways.
Console.WriteLine("Standard Numeric Format Specifiers");
s = String.Format(
"(C) Currency: . . . . . . . . {0:C}\n" +
"(D) Decimal:. . . . . . . . . {0:D}\n" +
"(E) Scientific: . . . . . . . {1:E}\n" +
"(F) Fixed point:. . . . . . . {1:F}\n" +
"(G) General:. . . . . . . . . {0:G}\n" +
"    (default):. . . . . . . . {0} (default = 'G')\n" +
"(N) Number: . . . . . . . . . {0:N}\n" +
"(P) Percent:. . . . . . . . . {1:P}\n" +
"(R) Round-trip: . . . . . . . {1:R}\n" +
"(X) Hexadecimal:. . . . . . . {0:X}\n",
-123, -123.45f);
Console.WriteLine(s);

// Format the current date in various ways.
Console.WriteLine("Standard DateTime Format Specifiers");
s = String.Format(
"(d) Short date: . . . . . . . {0:d}\n" +
"(D) Long date:. . . . . . . . {0:D}\n" +
"(t) Short time: . . . . . . . {0:t}\n" +
"(T) Long time:. . . . . . . . {0:T}\n" +
"(f) Full date/short time: . . {0:f}\n" +
"(F) Full date/long time:. . . {0:F}\n" +
"(g) General date/short time:. {0:g}\n" +
"(G) General date/long time: . {0:G}\n" +
"    (default):. . . . . . . . {0} (default = 'G')\n" +
"(M) Month:. . . . . . . . . . {0:M}\n" +
"(R) RFC1123:. . . . . . . . . {0:R}\n" +
"(s) Sortable: . . . . . . . . {0:s}\n" +
"(u) Universal sortable: . . . {0:u} (invariant)\n" +
"(U) Universal sortable: . . . {0:U}\n" +
"(Y) Year: . . . . . . . . . . {0:Y}\n",
thisDate);
Console.WriteLine(s);

// Format a Color enumeration value in various ways.
Console.WriteLine("Standard Enumeration Format Specifiers");
s = String.Format(
"(G) General:. . . . . . . . . {0:G}\n" +
"    (default):. . . . . . . . {0} (default = 'G')\n" +
"(F) Flags:. . . . . . . . . . {0:F} (flags or integer)\n" +
"(D) Decimal number: . . . . . {0:D}\n" +
"(X) Hexadecimal:. . . . . . . {0:X}\n",
Color.Green);
Console.WriteLine(s);
}
}


This code example produces the following results:
=================================================

Standard Numeric Format Specifiers
(C) Currency: . . . . . . . . ($123.00)
(D) Decimal:. . . . . . . . . -123
(E) Scientific: . . . . . . . -1.234500E+002
(F) Fixed point:. . . . . . . -123.45
(G) General:. . . . . . . . . -123
(default):. . . . . . . . -123 (default = 'G')
(N) Number: . . . . . . . . . -123.00
(P) Percent:. . . . . . . . . -12,345.00 %
(R) Round-trip: . . . . . . . -123.45
(X) Hexadecimal:. . . . . . . FFFFFF85

Standard DateTime Format Specifiers
(d) Short date: . . . . . . . 6/26/2004
(D) Long date:. . . . . . . . Saturday, June 26, 2004
(t) Short time: . . . . . . . 8:11 PM
(T) Long time:. . . . . . . . 8:11:04 PM
(f) Full date/short time: . . Saturday, June 26, 2004 8:11 PM
(F) Full date/long time:. . . Saturday, June 26, 2004 8:11:04 PM
(g) General date/short time:. 6/26/2004 8:11 PM
(G) General date/long time: . 6/26/2004 8:11:04 PM
(default):. . . . . . . . 6/26/2004 8:11:04 PM (default = 'G')
(M) Month:. . . . . . . . . . June 26
(R) RFC1123:. . . . . . . . . Sat, 26 Jun 2004 20:11:04 GMT
(s) Sortable: . . . . . . . . 2004-06-26T20:11:04
(u) Universal sortable: . . . 2004-06-26 20:11:04Z (invariant)
(U) Universal sortable: . . . Sunday, June 27, 2004 3:11:04 AM
(Y) Year: . . . . . . . . . . June, 2004

Standard Enumeration Format Specifiers
(G) General:. . . . . . . . . Green
(default):. . . . . . . . Green (default = 'G')
(F) Flags:. . . . . . . . . . Green (flags or integer)
(D) Decimal number: . . . . . 3
(X) Hexadecimal:. . . . . . . 00000003

(Y) String.Format(”{0:$#,##0.00;($#,##0.00);Zero}”, value);
(Y) This will output “$1,240.00″ if passed 1243.50. It will output the same
format but in parentheses if the number is negative, and will output
the string “Zero” if the number is zero.

-> Thousand separator for both negative and positive currency : "{0:###,##0;(###,##0)}";
  and with decimal -> "{0:#,###,###,##0.00;(#,###,###,##0.00)}";

That's It!
Hope you will like it.